Taking into consideration what we call a city’s cultural armature may supplement economic and demographic arguments by contributing more thorough explanations of why certain places integrate immigrants with greater ease than others. Much of this work, however, privileges the economic characteristics of localities without paying sufficient attention to variations in their cultural resources. By contrast, migration scholars around the world, and in the United States in particular, have produced a large body of work on new destinations and contexts of reception.
While many urban studies scholars focus on how specific ‘global cities’ influence and are influenced by worldwide economic restructuring, they do not pay enough attention to how migration affects these processes. These are two relatively unconnected bodies of research. This dissertation examines the complex negotiations that have taken place since 1954 and the context in which they occurred through the use of data collected from archival material and in-depth interviews with current and former female administrators, athletes, and coaches, to document and examine the history of women's competitive international rowing between 19.In this article, we heed the recent call by migration and urban studies scholars to bring questions of space, locality, and culture squarely into discussions of immigrant incorporation ( Brettell 2005 Caglar 2007 Glick Schiller & Caglar 2009). By 2003, their combined efforts, aided by some supportive male coaches and rowing administrators, culminated in the admission of oarswomen to the European championships, the world championships, and the Olympic Games, the change of women's racing distance from 1000 metres to 2000 metres, and the introduction of lightweight women's events at the world championships and Olympic Games. Female rowing enthusiasts pressed to increase opportunities for all oarswomen by negotiating with male sporting administrators to have women's competitive international rowing recognized on the same level as men's rowing. Since this inaugural event in 1954, female athletes, coaches, and administrators have sought to achieve gender equity in a sport typically associated with men and masculinity. Rather, the introduction of women's races at the European championships created opportunities for oarswomen to display publicly their physical and athletic capabilities while challenging social and historical discourses regarding appropriate female appearance and athletic participation. While international oarswomen were limited, these constraints were not completely restrictive. Despite the historical evidence that women could indeed race at an international level, FISA delegates, all of whom were men, saw fit to curtail women's international participation by shortening the women's racing distance to half of that required of the men and restricting the number and types of events in which women raced. Although FISA had never before formally recognized women's competitive international rowing, oarswomen around the world had been active participants for years, competing not only in local and national regattas, but international as well. In 1954, the Fédération International Sociétés d'Aviron (FISA) hosted the first Women's European Rowing Championships in Maçon, France.
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